历史人物论文(5)
University History thesis writing requirements, processes and writing skills
Broadly speaking, the right-discussed works of science and technology content, are known as scientific writing, such as the original theory of the (Paper), newsletters, a comprehensive report, progress reports, literature review, Review, monographs, compilations, such as textbooks and popular science books. However, only the original theory with its presentation is the original, primary, primary, involving the creation of inventions and other intellectual property rights. Others are of course very important, but they are processing, development, and for a specific application written to the purpose and object. The following far as to talk about some experience writing papers. During the discussion paper is not prepared to talk about writing the manuscript written by the various provisions and conditions. Mainly to talk about is prone to problems writing papers and experience, are writing papers and writing the content of moral norms.
Thesis writing requirements
The following paper structure according to the order described.
(A) the thesis - the subject of scientific papers have a topic, not "Untitled." Title usually about 20 words. Size should be in line with the subject as far as possible without sub-theme, without the first one reported that the first two reported and so on. Title and Syria are using straight tone, without exclamation points or question marks, nor can the subject of scientific papers written advertising words or news reporting language.
(B) the papers - Scientific papers should be signed by the Department of real names and real work units. Mainly manifested responsibility for the outcome of future generations of attribution and to facilitate follow-up study. The strict sense of the authors refers to coordinate research projects and feasibility studies, literature review, program design, building methods, experimental operations, collating information, the summary, written the whole process of writing the person responsible should be able to answer issues related papers were . Now people who work tend to participate in all the columns, then the contribution should be arranged in turn. Papers should be signed by their consent. Academic mentor can be classified according to the actual situation of both authors can also be a general appreciation. Administrative leaders is generally not signed.
(C) Papers - Introduction is a fascinating thesis words, it is important to be written. A good introduction to regular papers the reader can understand your job history and the development of research in this direction in the position. To write papers based on title legislation, basic, background, research purposes. To review the necessary documentation, specifying the problem's development. The text should be concise.
(D) Papers - materials and methods required subjects to write truthfully, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, write test methods, indicators, judging criteria, writing experimental design, group, statistical methods. The magazine Paper Submission provided by you can do.
(E) Papers - The results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed the logical reference ground floor. Should be Qucuqujing, Quweicunzhen, but not because they do not meet the intent of their own subjective choice, let alone fraud. Unskilled or equipment only in the period of instability derived from data, technical failures or operator errors obtained from experimental data and does not meet the conditions of the data collected can be abandoned. And must be found to the problem at the time indicated on the reasons for the original records can not be processed at the conclusion the norm rather arbitrarily removed because of irregularities. Such data should be abandoned under the same conditions, the same period, together with experimental data obsolete, meaning not just those who have been abandoned substandard.
The collation of results should be closely linked to the theme of Shanfanjiujian, some data may not be suitable in this paper can be reserved for its use, rather than trying to piece together into a line of paper. Papers should be read as a professional terminology. Can not use a table map, you can not chart the best not to use the charts, so as not to occupy more space, increase typesetting difficulties. Text, tables, figures do not duplicate each other. Experiment accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in his and other special situation should make the necessary explanation, and should not arbitrarily discarded.
(Vi) paper - discussion paper is more important, but also more difficult to write part of it. Should be unified view of the situation, seize the key contentious issues, from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge to discourse. To the experimental results of analysis, reasoning, and not repeat the description of experimental results. Should focus on the domestic and foreign-related results in the literature to discuss with the view that their own point of view, in particular, should not shy away opposite point of view. The discussion paper can be made assumptions, I propose the question of the development idea, but should be properly measured, can not be written as "science fiction" or "Imagine."
(7) Papers - Conclusion of the conclusion or conclusions of papers should be written clearly reliable results, write compelling conclusions. Paper text should be succinct, one by one to write. Do not use "summary" or similar vague words.
(8) Paper - This is a reference to Yi-Xian a very important papers, but also as part of larger problems. Papers listed in References aim is to enable readers to understand the circumstances surrounding the thesis proposition, easy to find, but also respect for our predecessors labor, for their work and accurate positioning. Therefore, not only technical issues here, but also scientific moral issues.
Almost throughout the paper, need to cited references of the Department. Papers should be cited as the introduction to this question on the most important and directly related to the literature; in the method should be used or cited on the reference method; sometimes cited in the results compared with literature data; should be cited in the discussion with papers relating to a variety of supportive or contradictory results or viewpoints.
All the careless, non-search literature; deliberately not cited, since the Ming innovation; to belittle others to elevate themselves; avoiding posturing practices are wrong. And this phenomenon is still present in many papers seen from time to time, this should be seen as a taboo profit research workers. Among them, do not check documents, omission of important documents, deliberately cited literature or others interested in the work of others, such as derogatory error is more obvious and easily found. Some practices are more subtle, such as that cited in the introduction, and put it onto a discussion. This will be your original paper-based or pilot, put it on par with your position paper. Another example is the gradual in-depth research work is always developing, your work is always the cornerstone of a previous work developed on made of. The correct wording should be to a person in a particular year, what has made this question a result, a person in this particular year they made on the basis of what the outcome, now that they have accomplished on the basis of this research. This is the attitude of seeking truth from facts, such statements intact on your contributions. Some authors do not put it this way, but that a person has done this question in a particular year is not made, a person has done this years title has not yet made, and now turned into a. It is not a realistic大学历史论文的写作要求、流程与写作技巧
广义来说，凡属论述科学技术内容的作品，都称作科学著述，如原始论著（论文）、简报、综合报告、进展报告、文献综述、述评、专著、汇编、教科书和科普读物等。但其中只有原始论著及其简报是原始的、主要的、第一性的、涉及到创造发明等知识产权的。其它的当然也很重要，但都是加工的、发展的、为特定应用目的和对象而撰写的。下面仅就论文的撰写谈一些体会。在讨论论文写作时也不准备谈有关稿件撰写的各种规定及细则。主要谈的是论文写作中容易发生的问题和经验，是论文写作道德和书写内容的规范问题。
论文写作的要求
下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。
(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。
(二) 论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。
(三)论文——引言 是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。
(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。
(五) 论文——实验结果应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。
实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。
(六) 论文——讨论是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。
(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。
(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。
一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。
一切粗心大意，不查文献；故意不引，自鸣创新；贬低别人，抬高自己；避重就轻，故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的，这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽，如将该引在引言中的，把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导，放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的，你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是，某年某人对本题做出了什么结果，某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果，现在在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度，这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述，而是说，某年某人做过本题没有做成，某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成，现在做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需内行人一戳，纸老虎就破，结果弄巧成拙，丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。
(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。
(十) 论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。
09-09-16 |
◆◆
评论读取中....
◆◆
